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Il regroupe trois espèces voisines, parfois qualifiées d'« Australopithèques robustes » (P. aethiopicus, P. boisei, P. robustus).



[66], Juvenile P. robustus may have relied more on tubers than adults, given the elevated levels of Strontium compared to adults in teeth from Swartkrans Cave, which, in the area, was most likely sourced from tubers.



[44] P. boisei may have died out due to an arid trend starting 1.45 mya, causing the retreat of woodlands, and more competition with savanna baboons and Homo for alternative food resources. Description. So this was quite a tough climate for a hominin.” Under those challenging circumstances, Paranthropus robustus’s powerful jaws and ability to eat tough, fibrous foods probably provided it with a significant advantage. aethiopicus. The cavity seems to have been healing, which may have been caused by a change in diet or mouth microbiome, or the loss of the adjacent molar. [45], Unlike P. robustus, the forearms of P. boisei were heavily built, which might suggest habitual suspensory behaviour as in orangutans and gibbons. [61] The carnivore assemblage at the Cradle of Humankind comprises the two sabertooths, and the hyaena Lycyaenops silberbergi. [64] A high cavity rate could indicate honey consumption. In order for cavity-creating bacteria to reach this area, the individual would have had to have also presented either alveolar resportion, which is commonly associated with gum disease; or super-eruption of teeth which occurs when teeth become worn down and have to erupt a bit more in order to maintain a proper bite, and this exposed the root. They are associated with bone tools and contestedly the earliest evidence of fire usage. Paranthropus robustus is the last of the Paranthropus Group of human ancestors. This species lived in environments that were dominated by grasslands but also included more closed, wet habitats associated with rivers and lakes.

[43], The braincase volume averaged about 500 cm3 (31 in3), comparable to gracile australopithecines, but smaller than Homo. [14] In 1986, after the discovery of the skull KNM WT 17000 by English anthropologist Alan Walker and Richard Leakey classified it into Paranthropus as P. [40], Paranthropus had adaptations to the skull to resist large bite loads while feeding, namely the expansive squamosal sutures. [3], In 1948, at Swartkrans Cave, in about the same vicinity as Kromdraai, Broom and South African palaeontologist John Talbot Robinson described P. crassidens based on a subadult jaw, SK 6. Heather Scoville is a former medical researcher and current high school science teacher who writes science curriculum for online science courses. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. [80], The left foot of a P. boisei specimen (though perhaps actually belonging to H. habilis) from Olduvai Gorge seems to have been bitten off by a crocodile,[81] possibly Crocodylus anthropophagus,[82] and another's leg shows evidence of leopard predation. [1] "Paranthropus" derives from Ancient Greek παρα para beside or alongside; and άνθρωπος ánthropos man. [80], The left foot of a P. boisei specimen (though perhaps actually belonging to H. habilis) from Olduvai Gorge seems to have been bitten off by a crocodile,[81] possibly Crocodylus anthropophagus,[82] and another's leg shows evidence of leopard predation. boisei. [76], It is generally thought that Paranthropus preferred to inhabit wooded, riverine landscapes.
In leaner times it may have fallen back on brittle food. Average weight and height are estimated to be 40 kg (88 lb) at 132 cm (4 ft) for P. robustus males, 50 kg (110 lb) at 137 cm (4 ft 6 in) for P. boisei males, 32 kg (71 lb) at 110 cm (3 ft 7 in) for P. robustus females, and 34 kg (75 lb) at 124 cm (4 ft 1 in) for P. boisei females. [11] In 1999, a chimp-like ulna forearm bone was assigned to P. boisei, the first discovered ulna of the species, which was markedly different from P. robustus ulnae, which could suggest paraphyly.

Model of a Paranthropus aethiopicus -- Natural History Museum, London (2008). [16][11], In 1989, palaeoartist and zoologist Walter Ferguson reclassified KNM WT 17000 into a new species, walkeri, because he considered the skull's species designation questionable as it comprised the skull whereas the holotype of P. aethiopicus comprised only the mandible. As they cleaned the skull fragments and pieced them back together, however, they realized the fossils did not come from a baboon, but instead comprised the braincase of a young Homo erectus, a species never before identified in South Africa.

Paranthropus species were generalist feeders, but P. robustus was likely an omnivore, whereas P. boisei was likely herbivorous and mainly ate bulbotubers. Lu Chen, Joshua Akey, and Others, Cell, 2020. [38], Burnt bones were also associated with the inhabitants of Swartkrans, which could indicate some of the earliest fire usage.

[29], "The Pleistocene Anthropoid Apes of South Africa", "Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology", "New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity", "Relevance of the eastern African coastal forest for early hominin biogeography", "Faunal change, environmental variability and late Pliocene hominin evolution", "Phylogeny, ancestors and anagenesis in the hominin fossil record", "Three-dimensional molar enamel distribution and thickness in, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199707)103:3<375::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-P, "On the relationship between maxillary molar root shape and jaw kinematics in, "Pattern and process in hominin brain size evolution are scale-dependent", "Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: an MRI-volumetric study", "First Partial Skeleton of a 1.34-Million-Year-Old, "Humeral anatomy of the KNM-ER 47000 upper limb skeleton from Ileret, Kenya: Implications for taxonomic identification", "Recently identified postcranial remains of, "Stretching the time span of hominin evolution at Kromdraai (Gauteng, South Africa): Recent discoveries", "A probable genetic origin for pitting enamel hypoplasia on the molars of, "Dental Microwear and Diet of the Plio-Pleistocene Hominin, "Abrasive, Silica Phytoliths and the Evolution of Thick Molar Enamel in Primates, with Implications for the Diet of, "Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in, "Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in the Early Hominin, "Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids", "Baboon Feeding Ecology Informs the Dietary Niche of, "What's new is old: comments on (more) archaeological evidence of one-million-year-old fire from South Africa", "Variation in the social organization of gorillas: Life history and socioecological perspectives", "Hominin palaeoecology in late Pliocene Malawi: first insights from isotopes (, "Macromammalian faunas, biochronology and palaeoecology of the early Pleistocene Main Quarry hominin-bearing deposits of the Drimolen Palaeocave System, South Africa", "A New Horned Crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paranthropus&oldid=984704003, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 October 2020, at 16:14.
Over millions of years, Africa incubated a dazzling array of ancient human relatives. [43], The braincase volume averaged about 500 cm3 (31 in3), comparable to gracile australopithecines, but smaller than Homo. [59][60], Paranthropus were generalist feeders, but diet seems to have ranged dramatically with location.



boisei. This marks the oldest record of both, and the first recorded evidence of our direct ancestor, Homo erectus in South Africa.

[15] There is debate whether this is synonymous with P. boisei,[10] the main argument for separation being the skull seems less adapted for chewing tough vegetation. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. [29] The youngest record of P. boisei comes from Konso, Ethiopia about 1.4 mya, however there are no East African sites dated between 1.4 and 1 mya, so it may have persisted until 1 mya. Her husband Louis named it Zinjanthropus boisei because he believed it differed greatly from Paranthropus and Australopithecus.

Comparing the two newly analyzed braincases, it becomes clear that Homo erectus, while initially outcompeted by Paranthropus robustus, was working on a revolutionary adaptation of its own. [18], In 1963, while in the Congo, French ethnographer Charles Cordier assigned the name "P. congensis" to a super-strong, monstrous ape-man cryptid called "Kikomba", "Apamándi", "Abanaánji", "Zuluzúgu", or "Tshingómbe" by various native tribes which he heard stories about. [71][72], Paranthropus had pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males notably larger than females, which is commonly correlated with a male-dominated polygamous society. [55], There have been 10 identified cases of cavities in P. robustus, indicating a rate similar to modern humans.

[28], The bone tools were not manufactured or purposefully shaped for a task. [38], Bone tools dating between 2.3 and 0.6 mya have been found in abundance in Swartkrans,[64] Kromdraai, and Drimolen Caves, and are often associated with P. robustus. [11] In 1999, a chimp-like ulna forearm bone was assigned to P. boisei, the first discovered ulna of the species, which was markedly different from P. robustus ulnae, which could suggest paraphyly. More finds have confirmed that this species was one of the most prevalent in Eastern Africa during the time period when early members of the genus Homo were also present.

Dental microwear and diet of the Plio-Pleistocene hominin Paranthropus boisei. Paleoanthropologists actually found the first fossils belonging to P. boisei in 1955, but it wasn’t until Mary Leakey’s 1959 discovery of the ‘Zinj’ skull (OH 5) that scientists knew what they had found was a new species. [80], Male P. robustus appear to have had a higher mortality rate than females. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Evolutionary Anthropology 16, 49–62.

More expansive river valleys–namely the Omo River Valley–may have served as important refuges for forest-dwelling creatures. Males: average 4 ft 6 in (137 cm); Females: average 4 ft 1 in (124 cm), Males: average 108 lbs (49 kg); Females: average 75 lbs (34 kg), Adventures in the Rift Valley: Interactive, Digital Archive of Ungulate and Carnivore Dentition, Burin from Laugerie Haute & Basse, Dordogne, France, Neanderthal Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA. Other known primates are early Homo, the Hamadryas baboon, and the extinct colobine monkey Cercopithecoides williamsi. However, like gorillas, Paranthropus likely preferred soft foods, but would consume tough or hard food during leaner times, and the powerful jaws were used only in the latter situation. At this tender age, its brain would already have been larger than that of most Australopithecus and Paranthropus adults. Flaring cheekbones gave P. boisei a very wide and dish-shaped face, creating a larger opening for bigger jaw muscles to pass through and support massive cheek teeth four times the size of a modern human’s. They are also referred to as the robust australopithecines.

[9][10][11] P. boisei also has a notably wide range of variation in skull anatomy, but these features likely have no taxonomic bearing. [12], In 1968, French palaeontologists Camille Arambourg and Yves Coppens described "Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus" based on a toothless mandible from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia (Omo 18).

", "Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins" (book by John Gurche), What Does It Mean To Be Human?


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