[144], The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation. [120] Although Japan attacked the United States first, the U.S. nonetheless pursued a "Europe first" defense policy. The president is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia. The United States is a federal republic and a representative democracy with three separate branches of government, including a bicameral legislature. Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy, but also like the states, tribes are not allowed to make war, engage in their own foreign relations, or print and issue currency. [419] As of June 2018[update], 40 million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3 million children. Writers such as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million. Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war, and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League.[155]. In American political culture, the center-right Republican Party is considered "conservative" and the center-left Democratic Party is considered "liberal". U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment, stopping the spread of communism. [175] The United States is by far the country with the most cases of COVID-19 since April 11, 2020. [261][262] The U.S. health-care system far outspends any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as percentage of GDP. The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and the conflict escalated into war. Juan Ponce de León landed in Florida in 1513. some historians) signed by some or all parties. In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years. Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition. While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide. [184] The Mississippi–Missouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language. [177] The U.S. occupied Japan (and part of Germany), sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines. From the early 1830s to 1869, the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers. Tensions with Britain remained, however, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw. This era led to many reforms, including the Sixteenth to Nineteenth constitutional amendments, which brought the federal income tax, direct election of Senators, prohibition, and women's suffrage. [28], A citizen of the United States is an "American". Throughout the 17th century, colonies were established by British settlers all along the eastern coast. The Mississippians were a broad group of tribes. Eventually, the knowledge began to spread northward. Beard and Matthew Josephson, some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. [90] Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts (California and New Mexico). It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy. Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women's Rights Convention in 1850. However, the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968. Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office. Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation, many of the New Deal era regulations were ended, such as in transportation, banking, and telecommunications. The Birth of the United States: 1763-1816: Asimov, Isaac: 9780395184516: Amazon.com: Books. (Greene 1983) Sagittarius is the only zodiacal sign with a weapon. The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in central North America, between Canada and Mexico. Europeans under the British explorer James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, and within five years of contact, European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people, and eventually unify the islands for the first time; establishing the Hawaiian Kingdom. [44], In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western regions of the young United States, which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories. Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater. The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing. In the following years, strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown. New England became a center of commerce and industry due to the poor, mountainous soil making agriculture difficult. Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – popularly known as "Obamacare" – along with other various demands, resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century. George Washington – a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention – became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789. American Congress of the Confederation ratifies Treaty of Paris. Labor unrest involved numerous strikes, most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894, which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland's orders. Settlements remained close to the coast due to this as well as Native American resistance and the Appalachian Mountains that were found in the interior.[6]. On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence, which was mostly written by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted. [108] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements. Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform, immigration reform, income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, particularly with regards to global terrorism, the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia. Today, all across the United States, people are wishing each other a happy Fourth of July. [357] About 9% of prisoners are held in privatized prisons,[355] a practice beginning in the 1980s and a subject of contention. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,[187] and only about 84 miles (135 km) apart. Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann Telegram. Making up more than a third of global military spending, it is the foremost military power in the world, and is a leading political, cultural, and scientific force internationally. A highly developed country, the United States accounts for approximately a quarter of global gross domestic product (GDP) and is the world's largest economy by nominal GDP. [186] In the decades after World War II, the United States became a global influence in economic, political, military, cultural, and technological affairs. In present-day upstate New York, the Iroquois formed a confederacy of tribal nations in the mid-15th century, consisting of the Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. These settlements began as soon as early 17th century. Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [48] The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's House of Burgesses, was created in 1619. The Thirteen Colonies were controlled by the British Parliament and the King by the 18th century. [497][498], The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, which were resolved by compromises. [206][207] The most prominent environmental agency is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970. After the French and Indian War ended in 1763, Britain wanted to impose taxes in order to cover the costs of the war. [406] According to the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016. Lincoln won a landslide. The British sent four invasion armies. Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, and formed the more militant National Woman's Party. [108], Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 to the Compromise of 1877.[109]. His notes show that the adoption of the DoI took place fairly early in the order of business that day, with much business taking place after the adoption of the DoI." Following his election in 1992, President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values, a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet. In the western theater, the Union was relatively successful, with major battles, such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations.[100]. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. [39] Most prominent along the Atlantic coast were the Algonquian tribes, who practiced hunting and trapping, along with limited cultivation. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride. Virginia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that united to become United States. Those threats were gone by 1765. The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies, further dividing Americans in a "culture war" but also bringing forth more liberated social views. British colonies were tenacious and ultimately the most successful. [358], Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 28 states, though three states have moratoriums on carrying out the penalty imposed by their governors. [310] Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy. The Adena began constructing large earthwork mounds around 600 BCE. [145] Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities. [249][250], From 2009 to 2010, the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, informally known as Obamacare, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act[254] and the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which were signed into law by President Obama. "Muckraking" journalists such as Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner-city poverty. Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic, social, and cultural benefit to all whites (and even to the slaves themselves), and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as "abolitionists". [259][260] The Affordable Care Act, passed in early 2010, roughly halved the uninsured share of the population, though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy. facilities. The town rapidly expanded and in the mid 1600s it became an important trading center and port. [93] In 1869, a new Peace Policy nominally promised to protect Native Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship. The federal government comprises three branches: The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. The wartime production boom led to full employment, wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression. He led a five-year-long strike by grape pickers. [41], The Loyalists, whom the British counted upon heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but suffered weak organization. Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm, forming the new Republican Party. He cut military spending by reliance on very high technology, such as nuclear weapons carried by long-range bombers and intercontinental missiles. [44] The Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine[45] and Santa Fe. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803)[289] in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall.[290]. Numerous indigenous cultures formed, and many disappeared in the 1500s. The presidential election in 2000 between Governor George W. Bush and Al Gore Junior was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come. [219] The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft. In 1948, the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan, which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe, and removed trade barriers, while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments. [382] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people (50%). Sherman demonstrated that the South lacked the long-term ability to resist a northern invasion. With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation, Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan. [74] Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution, ratified in state conventions in 1788. Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery, as in the best-selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Disputes over taxation and political representation with Great Britain led to the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), which established independence. Click to find out what was deduced from Sibly's errors. In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition. [194] Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s, which, in turn, gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. [374] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners. [22][23] The full name "United States of America" dates to the Revolutionary War. [67] With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations. The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have deeply influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. Washington unexpectedly then, instead of seizing power for himself, retired to his farm in Virginia. His United Farm Workers of America (UFW) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic "folk saint" in the pantheon of Mexican Americans. After the Cold War, the United States's foreign policy has focused on modern conflicts in the Middle East. The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population, with a large amount of sickness and death. It became Virginia's chief source of revenue within a decade. By value, the United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter of goods. [234][235] Obama sought to close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp "as soon as practicable" and over his tenure the population of the detention camp declined from 242 inmates to 45 inmates; the Guantanamo Review Task Force cleared many prisoners for release and resettlement abroad. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009", "United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area", "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008", "Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth", "Table MS-1. [208] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act. The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops. [245], Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008, Bush's successor – Barack Obama – signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession. The United States is one of the only countries in the world to do so. [398] This, in turn, led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California. ", "Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world? Copyright - 2018 - 2020 - American History, Read more about the American Enlightenment >>, Read more about the American National Anthem >>, Read more about the Articles of Confederation 1777 >>, Read more about the Birth of USA Timeline >>, Read more about the Christopher Columbus >>, Read more about the Declaration of Independence >>, Read more about the Pledge of Allegiance >>, Read more about the The Torch of Liberty >>, Read more about the The U.S. Constitution >>, Read more about the War of Independence >>, Read more about the What Is The American Dream? The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[458]. [89], The Mexican–American War (1846–48) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war, and the Democrats supporting the war. Other groups of Puritans established other settlements such as the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Saybrook, Connecticut and New Haven. He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined. The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party, whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame. A later migration identified by linguists, anthropologists, and archeologists occurred around 8,000 BCE. [301][302][j], The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. [441] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa. [60] Because of less disease and better food and treatment, the life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves. French colonists in small villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers lived in farming communities that served as a grain source for Gulf Coast settlements. Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces there in 1861 started the Civil War. The Pilgrim Fathers established the Plymouth Colony. The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere. [218] Including 2000, the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016, except for 2004. [80][81], The great majority of anti-slavery activists, such as Abraham Lincoln and Mr. Walters, rejected Garrison's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil, not a sin. That meant George W. Bush, then in the lead, carried Florida and the election. It is even debated which delegates, if any, signed on July 4th. After a near ten-month siege, Petersburg surrendered. [58][59][60][61][62] Despite strong opposition from the Northeast, especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain, Congress declared war on June 18, 1812.[63]. ", "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected: United States", "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens", Key Development Forecasts for the United States, U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality, Drafting and ratification of Constitution, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States&oldid=986314537, English-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1776, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2014, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 02:34. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater. The first known use of the name "America" dates back to 1507, when it appeared on a world map created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller. [259] In 2012, President Obama became the first president to openly support same-sex marriage, and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same-sex unions. Across the world, grateful nations gave women the right to vote. Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 ended the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower, with immense power in global geopolitics. [11] These apartment-like structures were often built into cliff faces, as seen in the Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde. Bryan swept the South and West, but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class, industrial workers, cities, and among upscale farmers in the Midwest. those equalizing pay, employment, education, employment opportunities, and credit; ending pregnancy discrimination; and requiring NASA, the Military Academies, and other organizations to admit women), state laws (i.e., those ending spousal abuse and marital rape), Supreme Court rulings (i.e. [395] During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and aeronautics. Americans had developed an ideology of "republicanism", asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures. [391][392], In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. [504][505], Country located primarily in North America, "America", "US", "USA", and "United States of America" redirect here. Slave rebellions, by Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), Nat Turner (1831), and most famously by John Brown (1859), caused fear in the white South, which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks. The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services. [230] After his election, Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31, 2010, when he declared that combat operations had ended. Northern cities such as Boston and New York, and regional industries, were tied economically to slavery by banking, shipping, and manufacturing, including textile mills. [220] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West. [502] Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage. [145][146][147][148][149] The late 1980s brought a "thaw" in relations with the Soviet Union, and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry. Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America,[215] then by shedding the East European empire in 1989. [182][271] The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.[272]. Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party. New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans fleeing religious persecution. 1789–1824 – v. 2. [30][31][32] The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to represent the first wave of human settlement of the Americas.

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