exploit synonyms, exploit pronunciation, exploit translation, English dictionary definition of exploit. . the exploitation of children in beauty pageants; The act or result of forcibly depriving someone of something to which he or she has a natural right. What is Child Exploitation. Wright, Erik Olin. Labour exploitation is the most common form of modern slavery within the UK. How to use exploit in a sentence. ." This is the heart of theories of imperialism (Lenin 1916) as the coercive extraction of surplus through colonial states (Fanon 1967), through unequal exchange (Arrighi and Pearce 1972), or through the imperial operation of transnational banks and multilateral development institutions (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund). Encyclopedia. Definition of Child Exploitation. Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/exploitation, "Exploitation Information and translations of exploitation in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Search. Buchanan, Allen. London: Macmillan and Co. Lenin, Vladimir. The explorer Christopher Columbus made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. In Unequal Development (1976) Samir Amin coined the term “superexploitation” to describe how the low wages of the periphery have allowed transnational capitalists to extract a larger surplus than is possible in the core nations. These crimes are happening in every corner of the world and can include any person, regardless of age, socio-economic background or location. While pure modes of production can be identified with single forms of exploitation, “actually existing capitalism” all consist of all four, opening up the possibility of the simultaneous operation of exploiter/exploitee relations (for example, managers are capitalistically exploited but organizational exploiters). Human trafficking, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labor, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially. Karl Marx: A Reader. But Karl Marx had a broader and more scientific definition of exploitation: the forced appropriation of the unpaid labor of workers. The classical period is characterized by production routines that mimic those of Hollywood, with the key figure that of the showman-producer, and by provocative marketing and advertising, renegade distribution, and scattershot … ." See more. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Capital, Vol. . Sexual exploitation eroticizes women’s inequality and is a vehicle for racism and "first world" domination, disproportionately victimizing minority and "third world" women. Necessary labor is not defined as a minimum subsistence level required for survival. Such facts show that there are serious errors in the thinking of capitalism’s critics. Labor power thus becomes a market commodity. Ptolemaic Egypt rapidly established itself as an economic powerhouse of the ancient world at the end of the 4th century BCE. Exploitation is a noun form of the verb exploit, … Frank, Andre Gunder. London: Macmillan. New York: Viking Press. The exploitative tendencies of people, including exploitation of both nature and other people, have expanded with these shifts to the point that humanity now faces a crisis of overexploitation. 1–3. In this definition the term exploitation encompasses sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, servitude and removal of organs. 16 Apr. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. SEE ALSO Bureaucracy; Class, Rentier; Colonialism; Economics, Neoclassical; Fanon, Frantz; Globalization, Social and Economic Aspects of; Imperialism; Inequality, Income; Keynes, John Maynard; Labor Theory of Value; Labor, Marginal Product of; Labor, Surplus: Marxist and Radical Economics; Landlords; Latifundia; Marginal Productivity; Marx, Karl; Marxism; Middle Class; Mode of Production; Poverty; Rate of Exploitation; Rate of Profit; Ricardo, David; Robinson, Joan; Slavery; Smith, Adam; Surplus; Surplus Value; Wages; World Trade Organization. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Overexploitation—the overuse of wild animal and plant species by people—is threatening wildlife in the United States. Overall, the history of the exploitation film is divided into a “classical” period, which runs roughly until the 1960s, and a “modern” period. The first is as a modern form of industrial or commercial land use (or mineral extraction) derived probably from its Latin root meaning an “arrangement” or “explanation.” This particular use came into English in the nineteenth century, often in regard to the commercial exploitation of the colonies, building upon the fourteenth– and fifteenth–century meanings of exploit as “successful progress” or “taking advantage.” The meaning of exploitation as making use of resource opportunities for social advancement—the exploration of oil resources in Nigeria, for example—remains commonplace. 16 Apr. World history is full of examples of one society gradually expanding by incorporating adjacent territory and settling its people on newly conquered territory. George, Henry. W. E. B. The practices of sexual exploitation and sexual slavery are older than recorded history. Cornell Law Review 79: 631–699. 49% of the trafficking victims … He cherishes religious, social, and national prejudices against the Irish worker (Selected Correspondence 1975). The literature on colonialism and imperialism uses the concept of exploitation to define the relationships between the imperial nations (the core) and the colonized regions (the periphery). Create. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Boston: Beacon Press. Learn terms and definitions world history chapter 19 exploration with free interactive flashcards. Marxists state it as a social relationship based on an asymmetry of power between workers and their employers. A similar approach is taken by Mario Barrera in Race and Class in the Southwest (1979), in which he analyzes structures of inequality affecting people of Mexican origin in the southwestern United States. Exploitation is the act of selfishly taking advantage of someone or a group of people in order to profit from them or otherwise benefit oneself. A similar conception is contained in the works of Andre Gunder Frank (e.g., Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment 1972), who saw colonial class structures as permitting “ultra-exploitation.”. Members of a class, in short, hold a common set of interests and therefore have common interests with respect to the process of exploitation. exploration definition: 1. the activity of searching and finding out about something: 2. the activity of searching and…. London: Cambridge University Press. Neither Smith nor Ricardo was especially concerned with the moral class atlas of income distribution unless it concerned the landlord class. Inhalt: Das erwartet Sie. World History; Pre ... literature professor Enid Bloch is a loud critic of the practice and argues that pederasty involved the unjust exploitation of a trusting or helpless victim by someone in a position of power. Allusions--Cultural, Literary, Biblical, and Historical: A Thematic Dictionary, LABOR Wright, Erik Olin, et al. Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources. The so–called “antiglobalization movement” (focusing especially on institutions such as the World Trade Organization) and “sweatshop movements” (focusing on transnational firms such as Nike) are contemporary exemplars of a politics of exploitation linking advanced capitalist state and transnational companies with the poverty and immiseration of the global south against a backdrop of neoliberalism and free trade (Harvey 2005; Starr 2005). exploitative Innovationen, die kleine Änderungen an bestehenden Produkten vornehmen. The Moral Weight and Force of Exploitation. Encyclopedia.com. Menu. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and … ." ." Classes. Internal colonialism is facilitated not only by ideologies of racism, but by historical and continuing structures (such as de jure and de facto segregation) that favor white workers over nonwhites. 1944. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. . Exploitation of labour is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent. Since then, major explorations after the Age of … World History. The ideology of racism was born out of the socioeconomic relations of capitalist imperialism, and it resulted in the ordering of exploitative relations of production along racial lines. London: Clarendon. While a worker may earn eight dollars a day in wages, s/he may produce ten dollars a day worth of value, creating what Marx called surplus value which is key for the accumulation of capital. In the social sciences, the term exploitation is generally used to refer to economic relations of production or exchange in which a dominant social class or group benefits by using the labor or resources of a subordinate social class or group. But statistics also inspire our movement, providing us with a number-based sense of the scope and scale of the problem. "Exploitation Retrieved April 16, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/exploitation. Unfortunately, there is a large market and interest in using children of all ages for cheap labor, sexual purposes, child pornography, and other purposes. 152 nationalities have been trafficked to 124 nations. Historical Accounts of Exploitation. Robinson, Joan. From these tentative beginnings, the theorization of exploitation matured in the work of Marx and the notion of surplus appropriation and the labor theory of value. Du Bois, W. E. B. Exploitation 1. Social studies of American history and ancient civilizations for students and teachers. #WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica … 1947. . For example, women with disabilities are forced into prostitution. . n. 1. Keynes, John Maynard. (April 16, 2021). [1] [2] This includes forced labor , reducing a person to a servile status (including forced marriage ) and sex trafficking persons , such as the sexual trafficking of children . In essence, the dilemma for a decision-making system that only has incomplete knowledge of the world is whether to repeat decisions that have worked well so far (exploit) or to make novel … The spread of capitalist relations of production from the core to the periphery required the separation of farmers and artisans in the periphery from direct access to the means of production, thereby creating a class of laborers who must sell their labor power to survive. The Gi…, Colonialism, Internal Rather, the ratio between necessary and surplus labor, as well as the form of surplus appropriation, depends on the historically developed relations of production. World History. It refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as manipulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities. Jon Elster and Aanund Hylland, 133–164. the crusades // the adventures of marco polo . Hill, John L. 1994. Reflections on the Causes of Human Misery. The same is true today. In Foundations of Social Choice Theory, ed. Ethics, Efficiency, and the Market. Exploration oder Exploitation: Dilemma für Organisationen. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). London: Penguin. "Exploitation Human trafficking is … 1973. Membership. The worst forms of child labour. See here, the definitions of the word exploitation, as video and text. Although Marxists have analyzed exploitation in a variety of class societies (e.g., slavery, feudalism), the concept is most fully developed in the analysis of capitalist relations of production. ." Learn More. Abstract. Sex trafficking has existed since the dawn of civilization. Perhaps the central figure in developing these arguments is Erik Olin Wright (1985, 1989), who developed a theory to account for the contradictory class location of the “middle classes”—that they are simultaneously exploiters and exploited. Age of Exploration meaning: 1. the period from around 1400 to 1600, in which Europeans travelled the rest of the world in…. In the Marxist tradition there has been in general an abandonment of the labor theory of value—away from the view of Jon Elster that “workers are exploited if they work longer hours than the number of hours employed in the goods they consume” (Elster 1986, p. 121)—toward John Roemer’s notion that a group is exploited if it has “some conditionally feasible alternative under which its members would be better off” (Roemer 1986, p. 136). 2 - Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Contemporary History of Concerns from Part I - The Theoretical and Policy Context Anne-Marie McAlinden , Queen's University Belfast Marx came to view anti-Irish sentiment as a major obstacle to working-class solidarity in England. ." In relation to the Irish worker he regards himself as a member of the ruling nations and consequently he becomes a tool of the English aristocrats and capitalists against Ireland, thus strengthening their domination over himself. London: Penguin. 2021 . People think it’s only located in third world countries, but it isn’t. Retrieved April 16, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/exploitation. A long line of Marx–inspired theorizing has, of course, attempted to grasp exploitative relations between countries. The definition of an exploit is a heroic act or an act worthy of praise. Using a minor child for profit, power, status, sexual gratification, or some other purpose. Action d'assurer la production d'une matière, d'un minerai, d'un produit, etc. ." 1979. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 1967. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Definition of exploitation in the Definitions.net dictionary. 2021 . Marx, Karl. 1979. Retrieved April 16, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exploitation. Amin, Samir. In the social sciences, the term exploitation is generally used to refer to economic relations of production or exchange in which a dominant social class or group benefits by using the labor or resources of a subordinate social class or group. The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in … London: Monthly Review Press. What many people fail to realize is that there are many different types of exploitation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Financial exploitation. A second meaning is a generic sense of unjustness or oppression, referring to a potentially wide range of social relations across time and space (e.g., exploitation of men by women, workers by capitalists, slaves by slave owners, low castes by high castes, serfs by feudal overlords). Throughout history, humans have manipulated natural resources to produce the materials they needed to sustain growing human populations. For Marx, exploitation is a feature of all class societies, and it can be measured by the difference between necessary labor (that performed to produce the laborers’ own subsistence or its equivalent value) and surplus labor (that which produces the surplus appropriated by the nonproducers). Sexual exploitation is a type of labour exploitation specific to work within the sex industry. exploitation of people through force, coercion, threat, and deception and includes human rights abuses such as debt bondage, deprivation of liberty, and lack of control over freedom and labor.1. Fanon, Frantz. exploitation - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. There are many forms of exploitation into which people can be trafficked and held in slavery. The wealth of Egypt was owed in large part to the unrivalled fertility of the Nile, which served as the breadbasket of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.Egypt's economy underwent numerous radical changes during the Ptolemaic period, including the … Exploitation can take many forms, including: Sexual exploitation. GORDON MARSHALL "exploitation In human history, its most dramatic rise was during the Age of Discovery when European explorers sailed and charted much of the rest of the world for a variety of reasons. Exploitation in the New Marxism of Collective Action. If you have bookmarks or links to our site on your blog or website, please update them. The workers in factories are paid low, sometimes paid under the minimum wage and also placed to work in very bad conditions. ." However, females fall victim to this type of exploitation more often than … The Modern Slavery Act 2015 has meant that companies have a greater duty than ever to recognise and report slavery within their … Exploitation is nowadays mostly taking place in factories of undeveloped countries of Asia, Africa and South America. Blauner, Robert. Définitions de exploitation. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Exploitation definition is - an act or instance of exploiting. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. Encyclopedia.com. The third meaning, which is the focus of this entry, is explicitly analytical in the sense that it purports to provide a theoretical and conceptual ground on which the claim— A exploits B when A takes unfair advantage of B—can be assessed. . Broken down, it is a total of 13,392 persons trafficked a year; 36 trafficked every day; an average of one person trafficked an hour. The term has been used in analyses of social class, of colonialism and imperialism, and of racial and ethnic relations … World History; Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives. The Debate on Classes. what opened European's eyes to the vast riches of the orient. Under this definition… On the one hand, exploitation is a key word in the English language because it is tightly bound up with the problems to which it refers; and on the other, it is an exemplar of what Williams calls “transfer”—that is, how new kinds of relationships and new ways of seeing relationships appear in languages, in this case by transferring a word from one semantic usage or historical context to another. Keywords. Learn more. 1987. For example, individuals … Continued Start studying AP World History Unit 5: Revolutions. 1972. In France, the Saint–Simonians and Pierre–Joseph Proudhon came to similar conclusions through an analysis of property ownership. In the wake of Marx’s work, the central debates over exploitation has turned on (1) whether the labor theory of value is a necessary condition for any truth claim about exploitation, (2) whether exploitation can be made congruent with complex forms of class differentiation associated with modern industrial society, and (3) whether there are non–Marxist accounts of exploitation. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/exploitation, GORDON MARSHALL "exploitation The Dark History of Indigo, Slavery's Other Cash Crop By: Jesslyn Shields | Feb 7, 2020. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. London: Verso. In the first volume of Capital Marx identifies the origins of surplus value in the organization of production (the so–called “social relations of production”). Child exploitation includes child domestic work, child soldiers, the recruitment and involvement of children in armed conflict, sexual exploitation and pornography, the use of children for criminal activities including the sale and distribution of narcotics and the involvement of children in harmful or hazardous work. Unequal Exchange. What does exploit mean? This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) 2021 . Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States experienced great economic changes, ultimately emerging as an industrial power. The notion of an unjust benefit from the labor of others that emerged by physiocratic thinking was formalized by Smith and Ricardo in the distinction between productive and unproductive labor and the question of the shares in the distribution of wealth. The term has been used in analyses of social class, of colonialism and imperialism, and of racial and ethnic relations within nation-states. Roemer, John. Marx argues that capitalists exploit workers by paying them less in wages than the value they produce. The exploration-exploitation trade-off is a well-known problem that occurs in scenarios where a learning system has to repeatedly make a choice with uncertain pay-offs. 1916. Few of these public intellectuals agreed on the justness of the rewards due to property (rent, interest, profit), but they held in common the idea that, contra Simonde de Sismondi, exploitation was less a regrettable accident than central to the operations of the modern economic system. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Oil exploitation . Williams, Raymond. AP World History-- Exploration. This refers primarily to food production, but many other entities from the natural environment have been extracted. In Capital, (1967 [1867]) Karl Marx defined exploitation as characterizing relations of production in which nonproducers control the access of direct producers to essential means of production (e.g., land, tools, or raw materials), thus allowing the systematic appropriation of a surplus of goods from direct producers by nonproducers. The role of racial or ethnic discrimination in imperialism has been explicitly addressed by several authors. London: Casimo. In neoclassical economics, for example, exploitation is a type of market failure due to the existence of monopoly or monopsony. … (April 16, 2021). 1986. Learn more. Arrighi, Giovanni. Bad sense developed 1830s-50s, in part from influence of French socialist writings (especially Saint Simon), also perhaps influenced by use of the word in U.S. anti-slavery writing; and exploitation was hurled in insult at activities it once had crowned as praise. The Concept of Exploitation. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. 117 terms. Marx, Karl. Elster, Jon, ed. Like servile marriages, which … Retrieved April 16, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/exploitation. Translated by Brian Pearce. französisch exploitation, zu: exploiter, über das Altfranzösische und Vulgärlateinische zu lateinisch explicitus, explizit. exploitation (n.) 1803, "productive working" of something, a positive word among those who used it first, though regarded as a Gallicism, from French exploitation, noun of action from exploiter (see exploit (v.)). Eric Williams also addressed exploitation in Capitalism and Slavery (1944), arguing that many of the largest fortunes of English capitalists had their origins in the exploitation of African slave labor in the American colonies. Child exploitation often results in cruel or harmful treatment of the child, as the activities he or she may be forced to take part in can cause emotional, physical, and social problems. New York: Monthly Review Press. GORDON MARSHALL "exploitation It is exploitation and makes you think about a 500 year history of exploitation of the African continent from its people during the days of slavery and … . South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. People think that exploitation is just doing something without someone’s consent, but it’s more than that. In Old French, the feudal meaning of the word exploitation —a seizure of products from the land for which a tenant had failed to pay homage—provides a foretaste of its modern use in the mid–nineteenth century, as its reference is increasing the industrial capitalist system. Unlike other commodities, however, it has the ability to produce more value than is embodied in it. The means by which capital extracts this surplus value under capitalism—through the working day, labor intensification, enhancing labor productivity—coupled to the changing relations between variable and constant capital determine, in Marx’s view, the extent, degree, and forms of exploitation. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Improved methodology highlights 20% more people across the world in modern slavery than previously estimated, according to the Global Slavery Index 2014. Learn more about the wildlife at risk. Children in Asia make our clothes; Black and Brown women working in fields, factories and private homes endure untold violence … ." There are three broad senses in which exploitation is currently deployed. To explore this concept, consider the following child exploitation definition. 2005. An Historical Materialist Alternative to Welfarism. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exploitation, "Exploitation History has witnessed a shift in the dominant organizing structure of the economy from hunter-gatherer to agrarian to industrial. Action de mettre en valeur quelque chose en vue d'en tirer un profit : L'exploitation d'un sol, d'un cinéma. Origin of Exploitation . Although the term “exploitation” appears not to have been used to describe... 2. The analytical content is of less concern than its moral standing and the moral force of the reasoning (i.e., whether and how the state should prohibit exploitative transactions or refuse to enforce such agreements). Define exploitation. . Trans. Sexual slavery and sexual exploitation is attaching the right of ownership over one or more people with the intent of coercing or otherwise forcing them to engage in sexual activities. exploitation definition: 1. the use of something in order to get an advantage from it: 2. the act of using someone unfairly…. Definition and Outline. It is important to remember that victims of sexual exploitation can be any gender, age and race. The critics of the factory system look at the workers toiling for low wages, and become indignant at the capitalist who pays them. In philosophical terms, one can say that social science seeks to understand the truth conditions under which such a claim can be made of a particular social setting. Trafficking can be for purposes of sexual exploitation or labor exploitation. A Dictionary of Sociology. jessica_p_12. (April 16, 2021). Moore, Barrington. A Dictionary of Sociology. This is the surplus value appropriated by the capitalists.

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